If directly quoting the proposition, identifying the full name of the source, or identifying an authority referred to in the text, no introductory signal is used. Signals are used in front of citations to alert the reader as to how that citation is being used. Citation of sources of authorities primary, secondary, and the internet explanatory parentheticals. An abbreviated name of the state code using large and small capitals. Commas, semicolons, and other punctuation marks should be in italics if they are part of the italicized material, not when they are an element of the citation in which they appear.
Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to the text. Explanatory parenthetical in the bluebook usually begin with present participles. Possibly the name of a subject matter if the code is arranged by subject matter. Using signals if you quote directly from a case then no signal is necessary. First, appellate courts in missouri dont follow the forms suggested in the bluebook for citing to missouri cases and statutes. Show me citations attempts to solve two problems with using the bluebook. Always use a signal unless 1 the cited authority directly states the proposition in the text.
What bluebook rule would help you decide which introductory signals to use in your string citation. In the old days before computers, lawyers underscored case names and introductory signals because typewriters and early wordprocessing programs could not italicize. When referring to a case by name alone, underline and cite fully with a citation sentence or citation clause. Make special note of the areas in which the slatebook rules differ from the bluebook. Signals of the same basic type supportive, comparative, contradictory, or background rule 1. However, the following are rules and examples for other types of legal documents that many firstyear law students may need to. This is the only correct answer, and earns 3 points. Just the mention of bluebook citation will usually elicit groans from your listener.
Nevertheless, in order to correctly cite your sources, an understanding of the bluebook is essential. This is not a comprehensive citation reference work. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of. X directly states the proposition, identifies the source of a quotation, or identifies an authority referred to in the text.
Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebooks unique system of citation in their writing. Do not use a signal with a citation when you have directly borrowed someone elses words or have paraphrased her words or ideas. The precise format of a case citation depends on a number of factors, including the jurisdiction, court, and type of case. Introductory signals are placed before every citation to indicate how the citations relate to the preceding sentence or clause. The scope of the indigo book s coverage is roughly equivalent to the bluebook s bluepagesthat is, the indigo book covers legal citation for u. Identifies authority referred to in text no signal 3. A lawyers guide to writing blog archive italics or. Underline definition of underline by the free dictionary. Signals are important because they indicate how a cited authority relates to. Introductory signals appear at the beginning of citation sentences. The bluebooks index includes numerous entries to quickly locate the rules for explanatory parentheticals, parenthetical indications, and how to do pinpoint cites for just about any source. Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law library.
The case says, coffee is amazing and you quote those exact words. Some of the authorities support the proposition you are putting forward, but the last two are in direct contradiction to that position. The rules governing the use of signals may be found in the uniform system of citation, with the following exceptions. The bluebook encourages the use of parentheticals with some introductory signals see also and see generally and strongly encourages it with others compare, cf.
Underlining text within a pdf document using adobe acrobat 8 acrobat allows you to underline text within a pdf document using the underline text tool. Use this citation method to cite to sources and authorities that relate to. Before we delve into some bluebook basics, please note that while the bluebook is. However, the basic format of a case citation is as follows. Signals from common groups are separated by semicolons, not as separate sentences.
No comma separates the signal from the rest of the. Signals of different types, however, must be grouped in different citation sentences. Learning to underline a digital text or a blank space in a digital document can be done in a variety of ways. Introduction to bluebooking bluebook basics libguides at. It is also common to employ more than one introductory signal, with citations introduced by different signals arranged as separate sentences. However, they can be understood and used with a little bit of knowledge. Id for this ppt api object, specified as a character vector or string scalar.
A description of the bluebook s structure of rules and tables additional to the one below is also available at section 3. It is used in citations to present authorities and indicate how those authorities relate to propositions in statements. Introductory signals are always underlined when they appear in citation sentences or clauses. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton law. The following information regarding the bluebook citation format is an adapted version of the style and formatting guidelines found in the bluebook, 20th ed. Underlining text within a pdf document using adobe acrobat 8. Jun 18, 2014 in a continuation of last weeks article should we use italics or underline. This introductory material is common to both the online and printed formats of the bluebook.
Use no signal, for example, when directly quoting an authority or when restating numerical data from an authority. Signals bb alwd ib citing an authority without any preceding word to clarify or qualify its connection to the text represents that the citation directly states the proposition or identifies a quotation or authority with which the citation is associated e. Examples include, but are not limited too, questioning, stating, examining, etc. The bluebook contains rules that prescribe how to cite a variety of legal documents. Use this citation method to cite to sources and authorities that relate to the sentence as a whole. Before we delve into some bluebook basics, please note that while the bluebook is the. Page 4 has a helpful table that sets out the differences between the typeface used in nonacademic and academic citation. Jul 19, 2019 the precise format of a case citation depends on a number of factors, including the jurisdiction, court, and type of case. In a diverse and rapidly changing legal profession, the bluebook continues to provide a systematic method by which members of the profession communicate important information to one another about the sources and legal authorities upon. Citing cases bluebook guide guides at georgetown law. For generations, law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebooks uniform system of citation in their writing. Amber chisholm general rules blue pages first section of rules for practitioners, organized as. There are specific signals used that indicate support, contradiction.
Introductory signals there are several introductory signals that are regularly used in legal citations, each of which means something different. That is followed immediately by one on how to cite the categories of authority that comprise a majority of the citations in briefs and legal memoranda. Citation format examples for footnotes general rules times new roman, size 10, 1 line spacing, justified. Italicize all parts of an introductory signal, including periods and commas, except the second comma in see, e. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority. Welcome to the bluebook, the definitive style guide for legal citation in the united states. But it also rests firmly on the evolving practice of judges writing opinions and lawyers writing briefs. Second, there is so much information in the bluebook, it is hard find some of the details a lawyer needs to know for legal writing. Id id for this ppt api object character vector string scalar. In law, a citation or introductory signal is a set of phrases or words used to clarify the authority or significance of a legal citation as it relates to a proposition. Generations of law students, lawyers, scholars, judges, and other legal professionals have relied on the bluebook s unique system of citation in their writing. Numerical information pointing the reader to a specific statutory provision. You can learn the basic method, as well as button combinations that will bring up the underline options.
For the order in which introductory signals are arranged, see rule 4. The white pages in the bluebook address academic citation. When instead they form the verb of a sentence that includes the citation they are not italicized or underlined. When an introductory signal is part of a textual sentence, however, it is not underlined. When writers do not signal a citation, the cited authority states the proposition, is the source of the cited quotation or identifies an authority referred to in. There are too many rules for this introductory guide to cover. This relation can be supportive, comparative, or contradictory. Directly states the proposition authority referenced and cited no signal more than one authority could be cited but only one is cited because the. Typeface conventions bluebook legal citation tarlton. However, the following are rules and examples for other types of legal documents that many firstyear law students may need to cite in addition to cases and statutes. For example, in the colyer case judge anderson determined that mere membership in the communist party was not a threat to the country. The indigo book isnt the same as the bluebook, but it does implement the same uniform system of citation that the bluebook does. Do underline or italicize complete works books, newsletters, magazines, newspapers, movie titles, etc. Case name first listed parties on each side italicized or underlined use t.
So briefs that were professionally printed used italics, but briefs that were typed inhouse had to make do with underscoring. Single underline double double underline heavy thick underline words only words underlined not spaces dotted dotted underline dottedheavy thick, dotted underline dash dashed underline dashheavy thick, dashed underline dashlong long, dashed underline dashlongheavy thick, long, dashed underline dotdash dotdash underline. There is a standard set of clarifying or qualifying words used with. Select the upperleft box to insert a 1x1 table if you want to add introductory text, such as a name or social security number, before the underline, insert a 2x1 table to change the length of the line, move the pointer over the end of the table until it becomes a resize pointer, and then move the arrow right or left to lengthen or shorten the line. Introduction to bluebooking bluebook basics libguides. Thick, wavy underline wavydouble wavy, double underline none no underline. Do not use a signal with a citation when you have directly borrowed someone elses. Bluebook default rules legal citators libguides at. In a continuation of last weeks article should we use italics or underline. Additional material introducing the online format is available on this sites help page. Legal writers use citation signals to tell readers how the citations support or do not support their. This slatebook is keyed to the 17th edition of the bluebook, and that is the edition of the bluebook you should use.
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